Active substance:

Isoflurane

Each millilitre contains 1000 mg/g isoflurane.

Inhalation vapour, liquid

Clear, colourless liquid

Horses, dogs, cats, ornamental birds, reptiles, rats, mice, hamsters, chinchillas, gerbils, guinea pigs and ferrets.

Induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia.

Do not use in case of known susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia.

Do not use in case of hypersensitivity to isoflurane or to other halogenated agents.

The metabolism of birds, and to an extent small mammals, is affected more profoundly by decreases in body temperature, due to high surface area to body weight ratio. Drug metabolism in reptiles is slow and highly dependent upon environmental temperature.

The absorption, distribution and elimination of isoflurane are rapid, and it is eliminated largely unchanged via the lungs. These characteristics may make it suitable for groups of patients including the young or old, or those with impaired hepatic, renal or cardiac function, however anaesthetic protocols should be decided on a case by case basis.

Isoflurane has little or no analgesic properties. Adequate analgesia should always be given before surgery. The analgesic requirements of the patient should be considered before general anaesthesia is ended.

The use of the product in cardiopathic patients should be considered only after a risk/ benefit assessment by the veterinarian.

It’s important to monitor breathing and pulse for the frequency and its features. It’s important to maintain airways free and properly oxygenate tissues during the maintenance of anaesthesia.

When using isoflurane to anaesthetise an animal with a head injury, consideration should be given as to whether artificial ventilation is appropriate to maintain normal CO2 levels, so that cerebral blood flow does not increase.

As isoflurane is a respiratory depressant, it could be advised to monitor the respiratory rate and depth during anaesthesia.

In case of a known hypersensitivity to isoflurane, the professional must not handle this product.

Do not breathe the vapour.

Users should consult their National Authority for advice on Occupational Exposure Standards for isoflurane.

Operating rooms and recovery areas should be provided with adequate ventilation or scavenging systems to prevent the accumulation of anaesthetic vapour. All scavenging/ extraction systems must be adequately maintained.

Pregnant and breast- feeding women should not have any contact with the product and should avoid operating rooms and animal recovery areas.

Avoid using masking procedures for prolonged induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia.

Use cuffed endotracheal intubation when possible for the administration of this product during maintenance of general anaesthesia.

To protect the environment, it is considered good practice to use charcoal filters with scavenging equipment.

Care should be taken when dispensing isoflurane, with any spillage removed immediately using an inert and absorbent material e.g. sawdust.

Wash any splashes from skin and eyes, and avoid contact with the mouth. If severe accidental exposure occurs remove the operator from the source of exposure, seek urgent medical assistance and show this label.

Halogenated anaesthetic agents may induce liver damage. In case of isoflurane this is an idiosyncratic response very rarely seen after repeated exposure.

Advice to Doctors: Ensure a patent airway and give symptomatic and supportive treatment. Note that adrenaline and catecholamines may cause cardiac dysrhythmias.

Isoflurane produces hypotension and respiratory depression in a dose- related manner.

Cardiac arrhythmias and transient bradycardia have been reported only rarely.

Malignant hyperthermia has been reported very rarely in susceptible animals.

Respiratory arrest should be treated by assisted ventilation.

In the case of cardiac arrest, perform a complete cardio pulmonary resuscitation.

Use only accordingly to the benefit/risk assessment by the responsible veterinarian. Isoflurane has been safely used for anaesthesia during caesarean section in the dog and cat.

Use only accordingly to the benefit/risk assessment by the responsible veterinarian.

Concurrent inhalation of nitrous oxide enhances the effect of isoflurane in man and similar potentiation might be expected in animals.

The concurrent use of sedative or analgesic drugs is likely to reduce the level of isoflurane required to produce and maintain anaesthesia.

In horses, detomidine and xylazine have been reported to reduce MAC for isoflurane.

In dogs, morphine, oxymorphone, acepromazine, medetomidine plus midazolam have been reported to reduce the MAC for isoflurane. The concomitant administration of midazolam/ketamine during isoflurane anaesthesia may result in marked cardiovascular effects, particularly arterial hypotension. The depressant effects of propanolol on myocardial contractility are reduced during isoflurane anaesthesia, indicating a moderate degree of β-receptor activity.

In cats, intravenous administration of midazolam-butorphanol has been reported to alter several cardio-respiratory parameters in isoflurane-induced cats as has epidural fentanyl and medetomidine. Isoflurane has been shown to reduce the sensitivity of the heart to adrenaline (epinephrine).

In cockatoos, butorphanol has been reported to reduce the MAC for isoflurane.

In pigeons, midazolam has been reported to reduce the MAC for isoflurane.

For reptiles and small mammals, there are no data available.

Isoflurane has a weaker sensitising action on the myocardium, to the effects of circulating dysrhythmogenic catecholamines, than halothane.

Isoflurane may be degraded to carbon monoxide by dried carbon dioxide absorbents.

Isoflurane should be administered using an accurately calibrated vaporiser in an appropriate anaesthetic circuit, since levels of anaesthesia may be altered rapidly and easily.

Isoflurane may be administered in oxygen or oxygen/nitrous oxide mixtures.

The MAC (minimal alveolar concentration in oxygen) or effective dose ED50 values and suggested concentrations given below for the target species should be used as a guide or starting point only. The actual concentrations required in practice will depend on many variables, including the concomitant use of other drugs during the anaesthetic procedure and the clinical status of the patient.

Isoflurane may be used in conjunction with other drugs commonly used in veterinary anaesthetic regimes for premedication, induction and analgesia. Some specific examples are given in the individual species information.

Recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia is usually smooth and rapid. The analgesic requirements of the patient should be considered before the termination of general anaesthesia.

The concurrent use of sedative or analgesic drugs is likely to reduce the level of isoflurane required to produce and maintain anaesthesia.

The MAC for isoflurane in the horse is approximately 1.31%

Isoflurane may be used with other drugs commonly used in veterinary anaesthetic regimes. The following drugs have been found to be compatible with isoflurane: acepromazine, butorphanol, detomidine, diazepam, dobutamine, dopamine, guaiphenesin, ketamine, morphine, pethidine, thiamylal, thiopentone and xylazine. Drugs used for premedication should be selected for the individual patient. However, the potential interactions below should be noted.

See above.

As it is not normally practicable to induce anaesthesia in adult horses using isoflurane, induction should be by the use of a short acting barbiturate such as thiopentone sodium, ketamine or guaiphenesin. Concentrations of 3 to 5% isoflurane may then be used to achieve the desired depth of anaesthesia in 5 to 10 minutes

Isoflurane at a concentration of 3 to 5% in a high flow oxygen may be used for induction in foals.

Anaesthesia may be maintained using 1.5% to 2.5% isoflurane.

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid.

The MAC for isoflurane in the dog is approximately 1.28%.

Isoflurane may be used with other drugs commonly used in veterinary anaesthetic regimes. The following drugs have been found to be compatible with isoflurane: acepromazine, atropine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, bupivacaine, diazepam, dobutamine, ephedrine, epinephrine, glycopyrrolate, ketamine, medetomidine, midazolam, methoxamine, oxymorphone, propofol, thiamylal, thiopentone and xylazine. Drugs used for premedication should be selected for the individual patient. However, the potential interactions below should be noted.

See above.

Induction is possible by face mask using up to 5% isoflurane, with or without premedication.

Anaesthesia may be maintained using 1.5% to 2.5% isoflurane.

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid.

The MAC for isoflurane in the cat is approximately 1.63%.

Isoflurane may be used with other drugs commonly used in veterinary anaesthetic regimes. The following drugs have been found to be compatible with isoflurane: acepromazine, atropine, diazepam, ketamine, and oxymorphone. Drugs used for premedication should be selected for the individual patient. However, the potential interactions below should be noted.

See above.

Induction is possible by face mask using up to 4% isoflurane, with or without premedication.

Anaesthesia may be maintained using 1.5% to 3% isoflurane.

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid.

Few MAC/ED50 values have been recorded. Examples are 1.34% for the Sandhill crane, 1.45% for the racing pigeon, reduced to 0.89% by the administration of midazolam, and 1.44% for cockatoos, reduced to 1.08% by the administration of butorphanol analgesic.

The use of isoflurane anaesthesia has been reported for many species, from small birds such as zebra finches, to large birds such as vultures, eagles and swans.

Propofol has been demonstrated in the literature to be compatible with isoflurane anaesthesia in swans.

See above.

Induction with 3 to 5% isoflurane is normally rapid. Induction of anaesthesia with propofol, followed by isoflurane maintenance, has been reported for swans.

The maintenance dose depends on the species and individual. Generally, 2 to 3% is suitable and safe.

Only 0.6 to 1% may be needed for some stork and heron species.

Up to 4 to 5% may be needed for some vultures and eagles.

3.5 to 4% may be needed for some ducks and geese.

Generally, birds respond very rapidly to changes in concentration of isoflurane.

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid.

Isoflurane is considered by several authors to be the anaesthetic of choice for many species. The literature records its use on a wide variety of reptiles (eg. various species of lizard, tortoise, iguanas, chameleon and snakes).

The ED50 was determined in the desert iguana to be 3.14% at 35˚C and 2.83% at 20˚C.

See above.

Induction is usually rapid at 2 to 4% isoflurane.

1 to 3% is a useful concentration

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid

Isoflurane has been recommended for anaesthesia of a wide variety of small mammals.

The MAC for mice has been cited as 1.34%, and for the rat as 1.38%, 1.46% and 2.4%.

See above.

Isoflurane concentration 2 to 3%.

Isoflurane concentration 0.25 to 2%.

Recovery is usually smooth and rapid.

Isoflurane overdose may result in profound respiratory depression. Therefore, respiration must be monitored closely and supported when necessary with supplementary oxygen and/ or assisted ventilation.

In cases of severe cardiopulmonary depression, administration of isoflurane should be discontinued, the breathing circuit should be flushed with oxygen, the existence of a patent airway ensured, and assisted or controlled ventilation with pure oxygen initiated. Cardiovascular depression should be treated with plasma expanders, pressor agents, antiarrhythmic agents or other appropriate techniques.

Horse: withdrawal period for meat and offal : 2 days.

The product should not be used for the treatment of mares producing milk for human consumption.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anaesthetic, general - halogenated hydrocarbons

ATCvet code: QN01AB06

Isoflurane produces unconsciousness by its action on the central nervous system. It has little or no analgesic properties.

Like other inhalation anaesthetics of this type, isoflurane depresses the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Isoflurane is absorbed on inhalation and is rapidly distributed via the bloodstream to other tissues, including the brain. Its blood/gas partition coefficient at 37°C is 1.4. The absorption and distribution of Isoflurane and the elimination of non-metabolised isoflurane by the lungs are all rapid, with the clinical consequences of rapid induction and recovery and easy and rapid control of the depth of anaesthesia.

Metabolism of isoflurane is minimal (about 0.2%, mainly to inorganic fluoride) and almost all of the administered isoflurane is excreted unchanged by the lungs.

None

Isoflurane has been reported to interact with dry carbon dioxide absorbents to form carbon monoxide. In order to minimise the risk of formation of carbon monoxide in rebreathing circuits and the possibility of elevated carboxyhaemoglobin levels, carbon dioxide absorbents should not be allowed to dry out.

Shelf-life of the veterinary medicinal product as packaged for sale: 2 years.

Do not store above 25 °C.

Protect from direct sunlight and heat.

Store in tightly closed original container.

The product is packaged in 100 ml or 250 ml amber coloured glass bottles (Type III) with low density polyethylene-lined caps.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Virbac S.A.

1ère avenue

2065m – L.I.D.

06516 Carros

Cedex

FRANCE

September 2010

February 2016

Nil