Each ml contains: 125 mg Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (equivalent to 101.2 mg tiamulin).

Oral solution for use in drinking water.

Clear colourless to slightly yellow liquid.

Target species

Pigs and chickens (laying hens)

Pigs:

i) Treatment of Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae susceptible to tiamulin. The presence of the disease in the herd must be established before the product is used.

ii) Treatment of Porcine Colonic Spirochaetosis (spirochaetal diarrhoea or colitis) caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli susceptible to tiamulin. The presence of the disease in the herd must be established before the product is used.

iii) Treatment of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (ileitis) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, susceptible to tiamulin. The presence of the disease in the herd must be established before the product is used.

iv) Treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, including infections complicated by Pasteurella multocida susceptible to tiamulin. The presence of the disease in the herd must be established before the product is used.

Laying hens:

Treatment and metaphylaxis of Chronic Respiratory Disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Airsacculitis and Infectious Synovitis caused by Mycoplasma synoviae susceptible to tiamulin. The presence of the disease in the flock must be established before the product is used.

Do not use in animals that could receive products containing monensin, narasin or salinomycin during or for at least seven days before or after treatment with tiamulin. Severe growth depression or death may result.

Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to the excipients.

See 'Interactions' section for information regarding interaction between tiamulin and ionophores.

Pigs with reduced water intake and/or in a debilitated condition should be treated paraenterally.

Water intake may be depressed during the administration of tiamulin in birds. It appears to be concentration-dependent with 500 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (equivalent to 4ml of product) in 4 litres of water reducing intake by approximately 10% and 500 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (equivalent to 4 ml of product) in 2 litres of water by 15% in chickens. It does not appear to have any adverse effect on overall performance of the birds or efficacy of the veterinary medicinal product but water intake should be monitored at frequent intervals, especially in hot weather.

Use of the product should be based on susceptibility testing of the bnacteria isolated from the animal. If this is not possible, therapy should be based on local (regional, farm level) epidemiological information about susceptibility of target bacteria.

Use of the product deviating from the instructions given in the SPC may increase the prevalence of bacteria resistant to tiamulin.

People with known hypersensitivity to tiamulin or parabens should administer the veterinary medicinal product with caution and avoid contact of medicated water with the skin. Both the product and the diluted product in drinking water may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to contact. Avoid contact with the skin. Do not smoke, eat or drink when mixing and handling the product. Wear protective clothes and protective gloves when mixing and handling the product, and wash hands after use. In case of accidental contact with skin, rinse with plenty of clean water. Contaminated clothing should be removed.

Ingestion of the product or medicated water should be avoided. In the event of accidental ingestion, rinse mouth with plenty of clean water and seek medical advice immediately

Pigs: On very rare occasions erythema or mild oedema of the skin may occur in pigs following the use of tiamulin.

Chickens (laying hens): none known

The frequency of adverse reactions is defined using the following convention:

- very common (more than 1 in 10 animals treated displaying adverse reaction(s))

- common (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 100 animals treated)

- uncommon (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 1,000 animals treated)

- rare (more than 1 but less than 10 animals in 10,000 animals treated)

- very rare (less than 1 animal in 10,000 animals treated, including isolated reports).

The product can be used during pregnancy and lactation in pigs.

Can be used in laying hens.

Tiamulin has been shown to interact with ionophores such as monensin, salinomycin and narasin and may result in signs indistinguishable from an ionophore toxicosis. Animals should not receive products containing monensin, salinomycin or narasin during or at least 7 days before or after treatment with tiamulin. Severe growth depression, ataxia, paralysis or death may result. If signs of an interaction do occur, stop both the administration of tiamulin-medicated drinking water and also the administration of ionophore-contaminated feed immediately. The feed should be removed and replaced with fresh feed not containing the anticoccidials monensin, salinomycin or narasin. Concomitant use of tiamulin and the divalent ionophore anticoccidials lasalocid and semduramicin do not appear to cause any interaction, however the concomitant use of maduramicin may lead to a mild to moderate growth depression in chickens. The situation is transient and recovery normally occurs within 3- 5 days following withdrawal of tiamulin treatment.

To ensure the correct dosage, body weight should be determined as accurately as possible to avoid underdosing. The intake of medicated water depends on the clinical condition of the animals. In order to obtain the correct dosage the concentration of tiamulin has to be adjusted accordingly.

The dosage of the product to be incorporated should be established according to the following formula:

Use a sufficiently accurate commercially available device to measure the required amount of product. Only use clean containers for preparation of the medicated drinking water. Stir the medicated drinking water prepared with the product for at least 1 minute after preparation in order to assure homogeneity.

When medicating large volumes of water, prepare a concentrated solution first and then dilute to the required final concentration. The maximum solubility of the product is 200 mL/L.

Medicated drinking water should be refreshed or replaced every 24 hours.

In order to avoid interactions between the ionophores and tiamulin, the veterinarian and farmer should check that the feed label does not state that it contains salinomycin, monensin and narasin.

For chickens, in order to avoid interactions between the incompatible ionophores monensin, narasin and salinomycin and tiamulin, the feed mill supplying the birds feed should be notified that tiamulin will be used and that these anticoccidials should not be included in the feed or contaminate the feed.

The feed should be tested for the ionophores prior to use if there is any suspicion that contamination of the feed might occur.

If an interaction does occur, stop tiamulin medication immediately and replace with fresh drinking water. Remove contaminated feed as soon as possible and replace with feed not containing the tiamulin- incompatible ionophores.

i) For the treatment of Swine Dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.

The dosage is 8.8 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight (equivalent to 7 ml of product/100 kg body weight) administered daily in the drinking water of pigs for 3 to 5 consecutive days depending on the severity of the infection and/or the duration of the disease.

ii) For the treatment of Porcine Colonic Spirochaetosis (colitis) caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli. The dosage is 8.8 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate /kg body weight (equivalent to 7 ml of product/100 kg body weight) administered daily in the drinking water of pigs for 3 to 5 consecutive days depending on the severity of the infection and/or the duration of the disease.

iii) For the treatment of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (ileitis) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. The dosage is 8.8 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate /kg body weight (equivalent to 7 ml of product/100 kg body weight) administered daily in the drinking water of pigs for 5 consecutive days.

iv) For the treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,including infections complicated by Pasteurella multocida susceptible to tiamulin. The dosage is 20 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight (equivalent to 16 ml of product/100 kg body weight) administered daily for 5 consecutive days.

For the treatment and metaphylaxis of Chronic Respiratory Disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Airsacculitis and Infectious Synovitis caused by Mycoplasma synoviae. the dosage is 25 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight (equivalent to 20 ml of product/100 kg body weight) administered daily for the period of 3 to 5 consecutive days.

Single oral doses of 100 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight in pigs caused hyperpnoea and abdominal discomfort. At 150 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight no central nervous system effects were noted except for sedation. At 55 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight given daily for 14 days, a transient salivation and slight gastric irritation occurred. Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate is considered to have an adequate therapeutic index in the pig and a minimum lethal dose has not been established.

The LD50 is 1090 mg/kg body weight for chickens. There is a relatively high therapeutic index with tiamulin hydrogen fumarate and the likelihood of an overdose is considered remote especially as water intake and hence tiamulin hydrogen fumarate intake is reduced if abnormally high concentrations are given. The clinical signs of acute toxicity in chickens are vocalisation, clonic cramps and lying in a lateral position.

If signs of intoxication do occur promptly remove the medicated water and replace with fresh unmedicated water and apply supportive, symptomatic therapy.

Pigs:

Meat and offal: 2 days (8.8 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/ kg body weight equivalent to 7 ml of product/100 kg body weight)

Meat and offal: 4 days (20 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/ kg body weight, equivalent to 16 ml product)/100 kg body weight)

Meat and offal: 2 days

Eggs: zero days

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antibacterials for systemic use/pleuromutilins/tiamulin

ATC Vet code: QJ01XQ01

Tiamulin is a bacteriostatic semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the pleuromutilin group of antibiotics and acts at the ribosomal level to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

Tiamulin has shown a high level of in vitro activity against porcine and avian Mycoplasma species as well as gram-positive aerobes (streptococci and staphylococci), anaerobes (clostridia), gram-negative anaerobes (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli), and gram-negative aerobes (Pasteurella multocida).

Tiamulin has been shown to act at the 70S ribosome level and the primary binding sites are on the 50S subunit. It appears to inhibit microbial protein production by producing biochemically inactive initiation complexes, which prevent elongation of the polypeptide chain.

In European isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae collected between 1990 and 2012 the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) ranged from ≤0.016 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml, with MIC50 of ≤0.063 µg/ml to 4 µg/ml and MIC90 of ≤0.016 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml.

In European isolates of Brachyspira pilosicoli the MICs ranged from (citation from 2006-2008-2012) ≤0.008-64 µg/ml, with MIC50s of ≤0.062 µg/ml up to 0.125 µg/ml and MIC90s of 0.25 µg/ml up to 8 µg/ml.

Susceptibility testing of Lawsonia intracellularis is challenging since this is an obligate intracellular organism. The tiamulin MIC data determined for the available EU Lawsonia strains were (citation from 2017) all below the estimated ileal tiamulin contents of 0.63 μg/ml.

In European isolates tiamulin was highly active against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, with MIC50 of 0.016 µg/ml, MIC90 of 0.062 µg/ml, and a MIC range of 0.002-0.125 µg/ml (citation from 2014).

In newer European strains (2005-2013) and older global isolates (before 1997) MIC ranges were similar for Mycoplasma gallisepticum ranging from 0.001 – 0.037 µg/ml with MIC50s of 0.001 and 0.008 µg/ml and MIC90s of 0.025 and 0.031 µg/ml. No resistant strains were found. For Mycoplasma synoviae MICs ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 µg/ml with MIC50s of 0.1 µg/ml and a MIC90 of 0.25 µg/ml.

Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate is well absorbed in the pig (over 90%) following oral administration and widely distributed through the body. Following a single oral dose of 10 mg and 25 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight the Cmax was 1.03 µg/ml and 1.82 µg/ml in serum respectively by microbiological assay and the Tmax was 2 hours for both. It has been shown to concentrate in the lung, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and also in liver, where it is metabolised and excreted (70-85%) in the bile, the remainder is excreted via the kidney (15-30%). Serum protein binding is approximately 30%.

Tiamulin, which has not been absorbed or metabolised, passes down the intestines to the colon. Colon contents concentrations of tiamulin have been estimated at 3.41 µg/ml following administration of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate at 8.8 mg/kg body weight.

Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate is well absorbed in chickens (70-95%) after oral administration and reaches peak concentrations in 2-4 hours (Tmax 2.85 hours). Following a 50 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate/kg body weight single dose the Cmax was 4.02 µg/ml in serum by microbiological assay and after a 25 mg/kg dose it was 1.86 µg/ml. In drinking water the 250 ppm (0.025%) tiamulin hydrogen fumarate concentration provided a rolling serum level over a 48 hour medication period of 0.78 µg/ml (range 1.4 - 0.45 µg/ml) and at 125 ppm (0.0125%), 0.38 µg/ml (range 0.65-0.2 µg/ml) in eight-week old chickens. Serum protein-binding was approximately 45%. It distributes widely through the body and has been shown to concentrate in the liver and kidney (sites of excretion) and in the lung (30 times serum level). Excretion is mainly via the bile (55-65%) and kidney (15-30%) as mainly microbiologically inactive metabolites and is quite rapid, 99% of the dose within 48 hours.

Tiamulin only degrades slowly in soils and may accumulate over years.

Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218)

Propyl parahydroxybenzoate

Disodium phosphate, anhydrous

Ethanol 96%

Water for injection

In the absence of compatibility studies, this veterinary medicinal product must not be mixed with other veterinary medicinal products.

Shelf-life of the veterinary medicinal product as packaged for sale: 3 years

Shelf-life after first opening the immediate packaging: 3 months

Shelf-life after dilution according to directions: 24 hours

Store in the original container in order to protect from light.

The product is presented in:

Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

05 February 2019

Nil.