Each ml contains:

Active substance(s):
Marbofloxacin	100.0 mg
Excipients:
Monothioglycerol	1.0 mg
Metacresol	2.0 mg
For a full list of excipients, see section Pharmaceutical Particulars

Solution for injection.

Clear yellow to amber solution.

Cattle and Pigs (sows).

Treatment of respiratory infections caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis.

Treatment of acute mastitis caused by Escherichia coli strains susceptible to marbofloxacin during the lactation period.

Treatment of Metritis Mastitis Agalactia Syndrome (postpartum dysgalactia syndrome, PDS) caused by bacterial strains susceptible to marbofloxacin.

Do not use in cases where the pathogen involved is resistant to other fluoroquinolones (cross resistance).

Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.

The efficacy data showed that the product has insufficient efficacy for the treatment of acute forms of mastitis induced by Gram-positive bacteria.

Official and local antimicrobial policies should be taken into account when the product is used. Fluoroquinolones should be reserved for the treatment of clinical conditions which have responded poorly, or are expected to respond poorly, to other classes of antimicrobials. Whenever possible, fluoroquinolones should only be used based upon susceptibility testing. Use of the product deviating from the instructions given in the SPC may increase the prevalence of bacteria resistant to fluoroquinolones and may decrease the effectiveness of treatment with other quinolones due to the potential for cross resistance.

People with known hypersensitivity to (fluoro)quinolones should avoid any contact with the veterinary medicinal product.

If the product comes into contact with skin or eyes, rinse with copious amounts of water.

Do not drink, eat or smoke whilst using the veterinary medicinal product.

Wash hands after use.

Accidental self-injection can induce slight irritation.

In case of accidental self-injection or ingestion, seek medical advice immediately and show package leaflet or the label to the physician.

Administration by the intramuscular route may cause transient local reactions such as pain and swelling at the injection site and inflammatory lesions which may persist for at least 12 days after injection. However, in cattle the subcutaneous route was shown to be better tolerated locally than the intramuscular route. Therefore, the subcutaneous route is recommended in heavy cattle.

May be used in pregnant and lactating cows and sows.

None known.

To ensure administration of a correct dose, bodyweight should be determined as accurately as possible to avoid underdosing.

The recommended dosage is 2 mg marbofloxacin/kg bodyweight (1 ml of the product/50 kg bodyweight) in a single daily injection by intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous routes in cattle and by intramuscular route in pigs. For the injections, the neck should be preferred in cattle and pigs.

Treatment durations are 3 days in pigs and 3 to 5 days in cattle.

The vial may be broached up to 35 times. The user should choose the most appropriate vial size according to the target species to be treated.

No severe side-effects are to be expected at doses up to 3 or 5 times the recommended dose in cattle and pigs respectively.

Signs such as neurological disorders may occur when the dose is exceeded.

Such signs should be treated symptomatically.

Cattle: Meat and offal: 6 days Milk: 36 hours

Pigs: Meat and offal: 4 days.

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antibacterials for systemic use, Flouroquinolones.

ATC Vet Code: QJ01MA93

Marbofloxacin is a synthetic, broad spectrum antimicrobial, belonging to the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Marbofloxacin is bactericidal with efficacy against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma species. The mechanism of action of marbofloxacin is based on the inhibition of type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

A 6 year pan European study by Kroemer, S et al 2012, reviewed marbofloxacin efficacy against indicated pathogens isolated from cases of bovine respiratory disease. In this study, 751 isolates of P. multocida were identified, over 99% of which were determined to be highly susceptible to marbofloxacin with MIC ranging from 0.004 to 1μg/ml. MIC50 was identified as 0.015μg/ml and MIC90 was 0.120μg/ml. This study also assessed 514 isolates of M. haemolytica with >98% of isolates determined to be highly susceptible with a MIC range of 0.008 to 1µg/ml, MIC50 value of 0.03μg/ml and MIC90 value of 0.25μg/ml. 171 isolates of M. bovis were identified with 74% demonstrating susceptibility with MIC ranging from 0.5 to 1μg/ml, 25% exhibiting intermediate susceptibility with MIC of 2μg/ml and 1% demonstrating resistance with MIC of 4 μg/ml. MIC50 was 1μg/ml and MIC90 was 2μg/ml; however these were deemed to be irrelevant due to the low number of isolates. This study also reviewed marbofloxacin efficacy in E. coli mastitis which analysed 617 isolates and demonstrated over 98% susceptibility with MIC of these susceptible organisms ranging from 0.008 to 1μg/ml. MIC50 and MIC90 were both determined to be 0.03μg/ml. In a pan European study by El Garch et al 2017, 369 E. Coli isolates from porcine metritis identified 92.7% susceptibility to marbofloxacin with a MIC ranging from 0.008 to 1 μg/ml. 0.3% of isolates exhibited intermediate susceptibility with a MIC of 2 and 7% exhibited resistance with a MIC of >4. MIC50 was determined to be 0.03μg/ml and MIC90 was 0.5μg/ml.

The pan European studies by Kroemer, S et al 2012 and El Garch, F., et al 2017, established clinical breakpoints for marbofloxacin use in P. multocida and M. haemolytica associated bovine respiratory disease and E. Coli in bovine mastitis and porcine metritis. Resistant strains were determined to have a MIC of ≥4 μg/ml, intermediate strains a MIC=2 μg/ml and susceptible strains, a MIC≤1 μg/ml. No clinical breakpoints have been established for Mycoplasma species.

Resistance to fluoroquinolones mainly occurs by chromosomal mutations with three mechanisms: decrease of the bacterial cell wall permeability, change in expression of efflux pump genes or mutation within genes coding for target enzymes. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance is a separate mechanism by which resistance may develop. This may occur via three different mechanisms: through plasmid genes coding for proteins which protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibition, through acetylation of certain quinolones by a variant of acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib or through plasmid genes coding for enhanced efflux pumps. Whilst the low-level resistance this confers should not exceed the clinical breakpoints for susceptibility, it may enable selection of higher level resistance.

After subcutaneous or intramuscular administration in cattle and pigs, at the recommended dose of 2 mg/kg bodyweight, marbofloxacin is readily absorbed and reaches peak plasma concentrations of 1.5 μg/ml within 1 hour. The bioavailability of marbofloxacin is almost 100%.

Marbofloxacin is weakly bound to plasma proteins (less than 10% in pigs and 30 % in cattle), extensively distributed and achieves a higher concentration in most tissues, (liver, kidney, skin, lung, bladder, uterus and digestive tract) than in plasma.

In cattle, marbofloxacin is eliminated slowly in pre-ruminant calves but faster in ruminant cattle (t1/2 = 5-9 hours and 4 – 7 hours respectively). In pre-ruminant calves elimination of the active form is predominantly via urine, (¾ urine, ¼ faeces). In ruminant cattle the active form is eliminated equally in urine and faeces.

In pigs, the active form of marbofloxacin is eliminated slowly (t1/2= 8 – 10 hours) predominantly via urine (2/3) and faeces (1/3).

In the absence of compatibility studies, this veterinary medicinal product must not be mixed with other veterinary medicinal products.

Shelf-life of the veterinary medicinal product as packaged for sale: 2 years

Shelf-life after first opening the immediate packaging: 28 days

Do not store above 25°C.

Protect from light.

The product is packaged in 20 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml 250 ml and 500 ml amber type II glass vials and 60 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml and 500 ml amber co-ex plastic (polypropylene) vials.

The vials are closed with chlorobutyl rubber stoppers sealed with aluminium caps.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Norbrook Laboratories Limited, Station Works, Camlough Road, Newry, Co. Down, BT35 6JP Northern Ireland

27 February 2013

January 2018

Nil.